AP Physics 1
Turn forces, motion, energy, and fluids into ideas you can explain.
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Study AP Physics 2 through focused lessons, labeled models, worked examples, flashcards and original practice. Units 1–4 are available; explore the full course outline below.
Browse the study guide →FREE STUDY LIBRARY · AP PHYSICS 2Your AP Physics 2
Your AP Physics 2
curriculum, organized.
Browse all seven units, expand an official topic, and open a focused lesson. Units 1–4 have lessons available; Units 5–7 provide a study outline.
Numbering guide: Refresh Kid uses Units 1–7 for this course. College Board numbers the same units 9–15, continuing after AP Physics 1. College Board calls it Unit 9: Thermodynamics when referring to our first unit. Official topic numbers are retained throughout.
7 units70 focused lessonsLearn · Explore · Practice · Review
Review edition · Teacher review pending
Review edition · Teacher review pending
The selector uses official College Board unit numbers. Existing Refresh Kid lesson paths and course-unit numbers stay the same.
01 Thermodynamics Official Unit 9 · Review edition
Connect collisions and temperature to gas laws, heat transfer, internal energy and entropy. Lessons include original practice and worked reasoning. Independent teacher review and student usability testing remain pending.
9.1 Kinetic Theory of Temperature and Pressure
9.2 The Ideal Gas Law
9.3 Thermal Energy Transfer and Equilibrium
9.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
9.5 Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity
9.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
02 Electric Force, Field, and Potential 18 lessons · Official Unit 10 · Review edition
Start with charge and interactions, then connect force, field, potential, capacitors and energy. 36 original questions, 54 recall cards and 18 written challenges accompany labeled models and worked examples. Independent teacher review and student testing remain pending.
10.1 Electric Charge and Electric Force
10.2 Conservation of Electric Charge and the Process of Charging
10.3 Electric Fields
10.4 Electric Potential Energy
10.5 Electric Potential
10.6 Capacitors
10.7 Conservation of Electric Energy
03 Electric Circuits 18 lessons · Official Unit 11 · Review edition
Follow charge, compare voltage drops and account for energy. Build from simple paths to series–parallel networks, measurement, Kirchhoff’s rules and RC behavior. 36 original questions, 54 recall cards and 18 written challenges accompany labeled investigations. Independent teacher review and student testing remain pending.
11.1 Electric Current
11.2 Simple Circuits
11.3 Resistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law
11.4 Electric Power
11.5 Compound Direct Current (DC) Circuits
11.6 Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
11.7 Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule
04 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 18 lessons · Official Unit 12 · Review edition
Connect fields to moving charges and currents, then explain how changing flux produces induction. Use labeled spatial and flat diagrams, controlled investigations and worked reasoning. 36 original questions, 54 recall cards and 18 written challenges accompany labeled investigations. Independent teacher review and student testing remain pending.
12.1 Magnetic Fields
12.2 Magnetism and Moving Charges
12.3 Magnetism and Current-Carrying Wires
12.4 Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law
05 Geometric Optics Official Unit 13 · Study outline
Trace light rays to explain reflection, refraction and image formation before using image equations.
13.1 Reflection
Focused study areas
- Incident rays, reflected rays and the surface normal
- Applying the law of reflection
- Locating a virtual image behind a plane mirror
13.2 Images Formed by Mirrors
Focused study areas
- Concave versus convex mirrors and focal points
- Principal-ray diagrams and image location
- Mirror equation, magnification and sign conventions
- Real versus virtual; upright versus inverted images
13.3 Refraction
Focused study areas
- Refractive index and light speed in a medium
- Snell’s law and bending toward or away from the normal
- Critical angle and total internal reflection
13.4 Images Formed by Lenses
Focused study areas
- Converging versus diverging lenses
- Ray diagrams for different object positions
- Thin-lens equation and magnification
- Using one optical element’s image as the next element’s object
06 Waves, Sound, and Physical Optics Official Unit 14 · Study outline
Separate the motion of a disturbance from the motion of the medium, then use wave behavior to explain sound and light patterns.
14.1 Properties of Wave Pulses and Waves
Focused study areas
- Disturbance motion versus particle motion
- Transverse versus longitudinal waves
- Energy transfer and how the medium affects wave speed
14.2 Periodic Waves
Focused study areas
- Amplitude, wavelength, period and frequency
- Position snapshots versus time graphs
- Connecting wave speed, wavelength and frequency
14.3 Boundary Behavior of Waves and Polarization
Focused study areas
- Reflected and transmitted pulses at boundaries
- What changes when a wave enters a new medium?
- Polarization and the direction of oscillation
14.4 Electromagnetic Waves
Focused study areas
- Electric and magnetic oscillations in a traveling wave
- Ordering the electromagnetic spectrum
- Connecting frequency, wavelength and propagation speed
14.5 The Doppler Effect
Focused study areas
- Source frequency versus observed frequency
- Approaching versus receding sources and observers
- Wavefront spacing and quantitative sound examples
14.6 Wave Interference and Standing Waves
Focused study areas
- Superposition and constructive versus destructive interference
- Phase, path difference and overlapping waves
- Nodes, antinodes and allowed standing-wave patterns
- Harmonics on strings and in air columns
14.7 Diffraction
Focused study areas
- Wave spreading at openings and edges
- Comparing aperture size with wavelength
- Interpreting a single-slit diffraction pattern
14.8 Double-Slit Interference and Diffraction Gratings
Focused study areas
- Path differences and bright or dark fringes
- Relating fringe position to wavelength and slit spacing
- Multiple slits, diffraction gratings and spectral separation
14.9 Thin-Film Interference
Focused study areas
- Tracing the two reflected rays through a thin film
- Reflection phase changes at higher or lower refractive index
- Combining path difference and phase changes
- Soap-film colors and antireflection coatings
07 Modern Physics Official Unit 15 · Study outline
Use evidence from light, atoms and nuclei to connect quantum ideas with energy and momentum conservation.
15.1 Quantum Theory and Wave-Particle Duality
Focused study areas
- Evidence for wave-like and particle-like behavior
- Photon energy and momentum
- Matter waves and de Broglie wavelength
15.2 The Bohr Model of Atomic Structure
Focused study areas
- Atomic structure and discrete energy levels
- Ground states, excited states and ionization
- What the Bohr model explains and its limits
15.3 Emission and Absorption Spectra
Focused study areas
- Reading transitions on an energy-level diagram
- Connecting transition energy to photon frequency and wavelength
- Emission lines versus absorption lines
15.4 Blackbody Radiation
Focused study areas
- Reading a thermal-radiation spectrum
- How temperature changes peak wavelength
- Temperature, surface area and radiated power
15.5 The Photoelectric Effect
Focused study areas
- Threshold frequency and work function
- Light intensity versus frequency: different effects
- Maximum electron kinetic energy and stopping potential
- Using graph slope and intercept to interpret experiments
15.6 Compton Scattering
Focused study areas
- Photon–electron collisions and wavelength changes
- Energy conservation during scattering
- Two-dimensional momentum conservation and scattering angle
15.7 Fission, Fusion, and Nuclear Decay
Focused study areas
- Nuclear structure, binding energy and mass–energy changes
- Comparing fission with fusion
- Spontaneous decay and nuclear energy changes
- Half-life and interpreting a decay curve
15.8 Types of Radioactive Decay
Focused study areas
- Alpha decay and changes to the daughter nucleus
- Beta-minus and beta-plus decay
- Gamma emission and nuclear energy levels
- Balancing nuclear equations with conservation laws
Before you start
Start with algebra, unit conversions, graph slopes, vectors and conservation of energy. Each lesson explains new vocabulary before applying equations. Unit 1 uses the convention ΔU=Q+W_on: heat into the gas and work done on the gas are positive.
In Unit 1, use kelvin and absolute pressure in gas equations. In Unit 2, keep the sign of electric charge, add forces and fields as vectors, and add potentials as scalars. Before changing a capacitor, identify whether its charge or voltage stays fixed. Each investigation states its assumptions. In Unit 3, identify connected nodes and distinguish current through an element from voltage across it. Check both charge balance at junctions and energy balance around loops. In Unit 4, label the charge sign, conventional current, field direction and chosen surface normal before applying a right-hand rule or calculating flux.
All seven units are outlined above. Linked lessons in Units 1–4 are available as a review edition; unlinked study areas in Units 5–7 are outlines, not finished lessons. Unit and topic names follow College Board; focused lesson names are Refresh Kid’s organization.
Source check: September 16, 2026 · Official course outline ↗ · 2026–27 clarifications ↗. AP is a College Board trademark; College Board does not endorse Refresh Kid.
Curriculum sources & scope · AP Physics 2
College Board
Official units 9–15 correspond to Refresh Kid course units 1–7. Includes 2026–27 clarifications.
Complete official content is in the CED unit guides, including topic IDs, learning objectives, essential knowledge and course skills. The outline on this page is navigation only.
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Practice moving between physical models and experimental evidence. Use the current course framework for your exam year.
You can bring schoolwork, a recent assessment, or the topic that is slowing you down. Your teacher can use that starting point to identify gaps and agree on a manageable plan.
What sessions can focus on
01 Thermodynamics and energy transfer
02 Electric fields, potential, and circuits
03 Magnetism and electromagnetism
04 Waves, optics, and modern physics
A tutoring overview, not a complete course syllabus. Session content is matched to your schoolwork, level and goals.
Explore the official course or assessment information ↗
What a session can look like
- Review a recent attempt and the reasoning behind it.
- Work through one example with explanation and questions.
- Try a related problem independently and discuss what changed.
- Agree on practice and the next learning goal.
Before your first meeting
Have your course name, syllabus or current topic, a recent assignment, and preferred meeting times ready. For exam preparation, include your test date and a recent practice result if you have one.
Can tutoring follow my school’s class?
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Tell us the exact course, grade, and timezone. Ask about the teacher’s recent experience with that subject, their approach, and available meeting times.
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